Physics Lournal

3. The State of The Union

We say that the short-distance physics decouples from physics at larger distances- the scales separate.

Resolution dependent objects and their properties are emergent.

Relating short-distance physics to large-distance physics is coarse-graining.

Every theory is assigned a point in theory space, and and the connection between them through resolutions is called the flow of the theories.

In theory space, Naturalness means a low level theory shouldn't sensitively depend on a high level theory.

We should be able to start at any high level theory, and work our way down to the standard model, but if we have to pick a certain theory at high resolution in order to get to the standard model, then we have to fine tune the start.

In order to observe at the smallest level, we must first acquiesce to Quantum Mechanics, as we cannot focus light, at particles, as light and particles are neither waves, nor particles, respectively- so we are forced to work with Wave Functions, which have properties of both categories of materia.

Wave Functions themselves do not represent any existing quantity, but from calculating one, we can generate the likelihood that some physical entity is observable.

The reason particle accelerators are used is because the use of electric and magnetic fields to focus and speed up beams with particles, is that the resulting collision releases a level of energy results in something fine enough to probe the smaller distances between constituents of electrons.

The problem here is that, as the particles gain speed, the measurement is harder to gain information from- at sufficiently high energy, the targets of particle beams are destroyed, and thus the information of what took place, is scattered in the debris.

At the highest energy levels, physics don't shoot particles at targets, but rather particles at particles (beams at beams).

The higher the energy level of the collision, the smaller distances it allows us to see into.

The Standard Model

Built upon a concept known as Gauge Symmetry.

According to this theory, each particle has a direction, in some internal space, and what we call gauge symmetry demands invariance under the labels used to mark that space.

Very much like a change in walking direction alters a compass, a change in a particles internal space, would change the type of particle- however, if this transformation happens under a symmetry, the physics of the particle should not change.

For instance, a certain transformation in the internal space of an electron results in measurements that correspond with neutrinos.

Because properties of internal space, can change through time and space, this symmetry is difficult to fulfill, but via mathematics we can see that interaction between symmetric particles must be mediated via other particles, whose properties are determined by the type of symmetry involved, calledGauge Boson's.

The standard model is a Quantum Field Theory, which by field, simply indicates that there's a value for every point in space, and moment in time, and the quantum, indicates that what is really being described by the field, are particles, which are quantum in nature.

The field, in turn, allows you to figure out how likely it is that a particle can or will be found in a given place, at a given time.

Additionally, the standard model uses Einsteinian symmetries from Special Relativity.

According to Einstein, space and time combine into a four-dimensional space time, where space and time are equals, meaning:

Changes in spatio-temporal measurement can not effect laws.

Rotations in space must not affect them either

They must be unaffected by generalized rotations in space time.

A space time rotation is simply a change in velocity.

Some aspects of the standard model have yet to be explained, for instance, the fact that each fermion has a mirrored version, saved for neutrinos, whose right handed versions have not been detected.

Also, Fermions come in three generations of similar particles, with increasingly higher masses.

The Standard Model began in the 60's, and was almost completed by the late 70's, save for the addition of the Higgs boson, which delivers mass to the other particles.

The The Standard Model answers most of our questions about reality, but it doesn't explain Gravity.

Generally, like all other forces, at the sub-atomic level, gravity is negligible, as particles have very little mass, however, unlike the other forces, who "disappear" at the macro scale, gravity increases as objects become larger, and also is unquantized, or lacking in discernable quantum properties.

Drawing on aesthetics, physicists are bothered by numbers that don't display [[Naturalness] In theory space, Naturalness means a low level theory shouldn't sensitively depend on a high level theory. However, it's also about certain numbers, their closeness to or distance from one, and their size in comparison to other values- that which is too large or small is undesirable.

ΛCDM

The most holistic explanation for the measurements made by astronomers, using the maths of General Relativity, and relying on the concept of curved space-time.

General Relativity is based on the same symmetries as Special Relativity, however it makes Space-Time reflexive to external things, such as matter, and energy (which are then in turn affected by curved space-time).

As well as being affected by placement in space, the curvature changes with time.

One of the more shocking surprises, is that the dominant source of gravity, is Dark Energy, of which we know very little, other than it speeds up the expansion of the universe.

Another surprise, is that most of the matter (85%) in the universe, is Dark Matter, of which we also know very little, aside from it rarely interacts with particles (including other dark matter particles), or light. There are similarities between the behavior of dark matter and superpartners, but this hasn't been proven to be substantial experimentally.

As we know, the singularity was near temperature's of $\small 10^{17}\; K$ , consisting of Matter & Dark Matter.

Early universe physics indicate that dark matter is largely influential on the formation of matter, as it cooled faster, because it does not interact with light.

At first, the soup was too dense for light to escape (this sounds like a Black Hole, but the output of matter and such, sounds like a White Hole, however these supposedly violate the Second Law.

The wavelength associated with (what we assume) to be the first light that escaped from the singularity, has stretched with the expansion of the universe, and is referred to as the CMB.

Numerical "Coincidence".

Physicists aren't very amenable to extremely large or small numbers- at least the ones they cherry pick anyway, as 273M degrees is certainly a large number.

Dimensionless Numbers

There's a particular class of numbers, which are referred to as dimensionless, as they lack units of counting.

For example, the speed of light is $\small 299,792,458\; \text{m/s}$ , but it's also 1, in terms of light years. Physicists do not like when they are forced to treat a number as it is, and can't normalize it to 1, or "de-noise" it to one.

A dimensionless number that bothers physicists is the ratio of the Higgs mass, to the energy that comes from the quantum corrections to that mass.

Referenced in

Lost In Math

3. The State of The Union

**3. The State of The Union**

3. The State of The Union

We say that the short-distance physics decouples from physics at larger distances- the scales separate.

Resolution dependent objects and their properties are emergent.

Relating short-distance physics to large-distance physics is coarse-graining.

Every theory is assigned a point in theory space, and and the connection between them through resolutions is called the flow of the theories.

In theory space, Naturalness means a low level theory shouldn't sensitively depend on a high level theory.

We should be able to start at any high level theory, and work our way down to the standard model, but if we have to pick a certain theory at high resolution in order to get to the standard model, then we have to fine tune the start.

In order to observe at the smallest level, we must first acquiesce to Quantum Mechanics, as we cannot focus light, at particles, as light and particles are neither waves, nor particles, respectively- so we are forced to work with Wave Functions, which have properties of both categories of materia.

Wave Functions themselves do not represent any existing quantity, but from calculating one, we can generate the likelihood that some physical entity is observable.

Quantum Mechanics also reveals that the heavier some wave function related observable is, and the faster it moves, the smaller it's wave length.

The reason particle accelerators are used is because the use of electric and magnetic fields to focus and speed up beams with particles, is that the resulting collision releases a level of energy results in something fine enough to probe the smaller distances between constituents of electrons.

The problem here is that, as the particles gain speed, the measurement is harder to gain information from- at sufficiently high energy, the targets of particle beams are destroyed, and thus the information of what took place, is scattered in the debris.

At the highest energy levels, physics don't shoot particles at targets, but rather particles at particles (beams at beams).

The higher the energy level of the collision, the smaller distances it allows us to see into.

The Standard Model

Built upon a concept known as Gauge Symmetry.

According to this theory, each particle has a direction, in some internal space, and what we call gauge symmetry demands invariance under the labels used to mark that space.

Very much like a change in walking direction alters a compass, a change in a particles internal space, would change the type of particle- however, if this transformation happens under a symmetry, the physics of the particle should not change.

For instance, a certain transformation in the internal space of an electron results in measurements that correspond with neutrinos.

The standard model is a Quantum Field Theory, which by field, simply indicates that there's a value for every point in space, and moment in time, and the quantum, indicates that what is really being described by the field, are particles, which are quantum in nature.

The field, in turn, allows you to figure out how likely it is that a particle can or will be found in a given place, at a given time.

Additionally, the standard model uses Einsteinian symmetries from Special Relativity.

According to Einstein, space and time combine into a four-dimensional space time, where space and time are equals, meaning:

Changes in spatio-temporal measurement can not effect laws.

Rotations in space must not affect them either

They must be unaffected by generalized rotations in space time.

Some aspects of the standard model have yet to be explained, for instance, the fact that each fermion has a mirrored version, saved for neutrinos, whose right handed versions have not been detected.

Also, Fermions come in three generations of similar particles, with increasingly higher masses.

The Standard Model began in the 60's, and was almost completed by the late 70's, save for the addition of the Higgs boson, which delivers mass to the other particles.

The The Standard Model answers most of our questions about reality, but it doesn't explain Gravity.

ΛCDM

The most holistic explanation for the measurements made by astronomers, using the maths of General Relativity, and relying on the concept of curved space-time.

General Relativity is based on the same symmetries as Special Relativity, however it makes Space-Time reflexive to external things, such as matter, and energy (which are then in turn affected by curved space-time).

As well as being affected by placement in space, the curvature changes with time.

One of the more shocking surprises, is that the dominant source of gravity, is Dark Energy, of which we know very little, other than it speeds up the expansion of the universe.

As we know, the singularity was near temperature's of 1017 K\small 10^{17}\; K1017K, consisting of Matter & Dark Matter.

Early universe physics indicate that dark matter is largely influential on the formation of matter, as it cooled faster, because it does not interact with light.

At first, the soup was too dense for light to escape (this sounds like a Black Hole, but the output of matter and such, sounds like a White Hole, however these supposedly violate the Second Law.

The wavelength associated with (what we assume) to be the first light that escaped from the singularity, has stretched with the expansion of the universe, and is referred to as the CMB.

Numerical "Coincidence".

Physicists aren't very amenable to extremely large or small numbers- at least the ones they cherry pick anyway, as 273M degrees is certainly a large number.

Dimensionless Numbers

There's a particular class of numbers, which are referred to as dimensionless, as they lack units of counting.

For example, the speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s\small 299,792,458\; \text{m/s}299,792,458m/s, but it's also 1, in terms of light years. Physicists do not like when they are forced to treat a number as it is, and can't normalize it to 1, or "de-noise" it to one.

A dimensionless number that bothers physicists is the ratio of the Higgs mass, to the energy that comes from the quantum corrections to that mass.

Referenced in

Lost In Math

3. The State of The Union

As we know, the singularity was near temperature's of $\small 10^{17}\; K$ , consisting of Matter & Dark Matter.

For example, the speed of light is $\small 299,792,458\; \text{m/s}$ , but it's also 1, in terms of light years. Physicists do not like when they are forced to treat a number as it is, and can't normalize it to 1, or "de-noise" it to one.